PREFACE

St. Thomas Aquinas, "Of Kingship, or the Governance of Rulers" in Paul E. Sigmund, ed., St. Thomas Aquinas on Politics and Ethics: A New Translation, Backgrounds, Interpretations, (1988), pp. 14-29.

Aristotle, The Athenian Constitution, P.J. Rhodes, trans., (1984).

Robert A. Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation, (1984).

Christina Bicchieri, Rationality and Cooperation, (1993).

James M. Buchanan, The Limits of Liberty, (1975).

James M. Buchanan and Gordon Tullock, The Calculus of Consent, (1962).

John G. Cross, The Economics of Bargaining, (1969).

Joseph Felicijan, The Genesis of Contractual Theory and the Installation of the Dukes of Carinthia, (1967).

Louis Hartz, The Liberal Tradition in America, (1955).

Michael Hechter, "The Emergence of Cooperative Social Institutions," in Micheal Hechter, Karl-Dieter Opp and Reinhard Wippler, eds., Social Institutions: Their Emergence, Maintenance and Effects, (1990), pp. 13-33.

Michael Hecter, "On the Inadequacy of Game Theory for the Solution of Real-World Collective Action Problems," in Karen Schweers Cook and Margaret Levi, eds., The Limits of Rationality, (1990), pp. 240-49.

Douglas D. Heckathorn and Steven M. Maser, "Bargaining and Constitutional Contracts," American Journal of Political Science, (1987), 31(1): 142-68.

David Hume, "Of the Origin of Government," in Steven M. Cahn, Classic of Modern Political Theory, (1977), pp. 515-517.

David Hume, "Of the Original Contract," in Readings in Social and Political Philosophy, Robert M. Stewart, ed., (1996), pp. 40-49.

Larry L. Kiser and Elinor Ostrom, "The Three Worlds of Action: A Metatheoretical Synthesis of Institutional Approaches," in Elinor Ostrom, ed., Strategies of Political Inquiry," (1982), 179-222.

Jack Knight, Institutions and Social Conflict, (1992).

Charles A. Kromkowski and John A. Kromkowski, "Why 435?: A Question of Political Arithmetic," Polity, (1991), 24(1): 129-45.

Charles A. Kromkowski and John A. Kromkowski, "Beyond Administrative Apportionment: Discovering the Calculus of Representative Government," (1992), 25(3): 495-97.

Margaret Levi, Of Rule and Revenue, (1988).

Niccolo Macchiavelli, Discourses on the First Ten Books of Titus Livy, W. Stark, ed., (1950), 2 vols.

Ian R. Macneil, "The Many Futures of Contracts," Southern California Law Review, (1974), 47: 691-816.

Ian R. Macneil, "Contracts: Adjustment of Long-term Economic Relations under Classical, Neoclassical, and Relational Contract Law," Northwestern University Law Review, (1978), 72(6): 854-905.

Ian R. Macneil, The New Social Contract: An Inquiry into Modern Contractual Relations, (1980).

Arthur P. Monahan, Consent, Coercion and Limit: The Medieval Origins of Parliamentary Democracy, (1987).

Arthur P. Monahan, From Personal Duties toward Personal Rights: Late Medieval and Early Modern Political Thought, 1300-1600, (1994).

John R. Nash, "The Bargaining Problem," Econometrica, (1950), 18: 155-62.

Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State and Utopia, (1974).

Elinor Ostrom, Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action, (1990).

Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America, (1991).

George A. Quattrone and Amos Tversky, "Contrasting Rational and Psychological Analyses of Political Choice," American Political Science Review, (1988), 82(3): 719-36.

John Rawls, A Theory of Justice, (1971).

John Rawls, Political Liberalism, (1993).

Charles F. Sabel, "Constitutional Ordering in Historical Context," in Games in Networks and Hierarchies, ed., Fritz W. Scharpf, (1993), pp. 65-123.

Fritz W. Scharpf, "Coordination in Hierarchies and Networks," in Games in Networks and Hierarchies, ed., Fritz W. Scharpf, (1993), pp. 125-65.

Thomas Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict, (1960).

Michael Taylor, The Possibility of Cooperation, (1987).

Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, "Rational Choice and the Framing of Decisions," Journal of Business, (1986), 59: 251-78.

Viktor J.Vanberg and James M. Buchanan, "Interests and Theories in Constitutional Choice," Journal of Theoretical Politics, (1989), 1(1): 49-62.

Viktor J. Vanberg and James M. Buchanan, "Constitutional Choice, Rational Ignorance, and the Limits of Reason," in The Constitution of Good Societies, eds., Karol E. Soltan and Stephen L. Elkin, (1996), pp. 39-56.

Eric Voegelin, The New Science of Politics, (1952).

CHAPTER 1

John Aldrich, "Rational Choice Theory and the Study of American Politics," in Lawrence C. Dodd and Calvin Jillson, eds., The Dynamics of American Politics: Approaches and Interpretations, (1994), pp. 208-33.

John Aldrich, Why Parties?: The Origins and Transformation of Party Politics in America, (1995).

Jeffrey C. Alexander et al., eds., The Macro-Micro Link, (1987).

Peter Argersinger, Structure, Process and Party: Essays in American Political History, (1992).

Robert Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation, (1984).

Robert Axelrod and Robert O. Keohane, "Achieving Cooperation under Anarchy: Strategies and Institutions," World Politics, (1985), 28: 226-54.

Gordon E. Baker, Rural Versus Urban Political Power, (1955).

Gordon E. Baker, State Constitutions: Reapportionment, (1960).

Howard Ball, The Warren Court's Concept of Democracy, (1971).

James C. Ballagh, ed., Letters of Richard Henry Lee, (1970), 2 vols.

Keith G. Banting and Richard Simeon, "Introduction: The Politics of Constitutional Change," in The Politics of Constitutional Change in Industrial Nations, (1985).

Robert Bates and Da-Hsiang Donald Lien, "A Note on Taxation, Development, and Representative Government," Politics & Society, (1985), 14: 53-70.

William T. Bianco, Trust: Representatives and Constituents, (1994).

A. H. Birch, Representation, (1971).

Marc Bloch, "Toward a Comparative History of European Societies," ([1928]), in Frederic Lane, ed., Enterprise and Secular Change, (1953), pp. 494-521.

Jean Bodin, Method for the Easy Comprehension of History, Beatrice Reynolds, trans., ([1566], 1946).

Louis C. Boochever, A Study of the Factors Involved in the Passage of the 1929 Bill for Reapportionment of the House of Representatives, (1942 M.A. thesis, Cornell University).

David W. Brady, Critical Elections and Congressional Policy Making, (1988).

James M. Buchanan and Gordon Tullock, The Calculus of Consent, (1962).

Walter Dean Burnham, Critical Elections and the Mainsprings of American Politics, (1970).

John Brigham, Constitutional Language: An Interpretation of Judicial Decision, (1978).

Gregory A. Caldeira and John A. Wright, "Organized Interests and Agenda Setting in the U.S. Supreme Court," American Political Science Review, (1988), 88(4): 1109-27.

Bruce Cain, The Reapportionment Puzzle, (1984).

Edward G. Carmines and James A. Stimson, Issue Evolution: Race and the Transformation of American Politics, (1989).

Youssef Cohen, Radicals, Reformers, and Reactionaries: The Prisoner's Dilemma and the Collapse of Democracy in Latin America, (1994).

Ruth Berins Collier and David Collier, Shaping the Political Arena: Critical Junctures, the Labor Movement, and Regime Dynamics in Latin America, (1991).

Irene Collins, Napolean and his Parliaments, 1800-1815, (1979).

Karen Schweers Cook and Margaret Levi, eds., The Limits of Rationality, (1990).

William Connolly, The Terms of Political Discourse, (1983).

Joseph Cooper and Cheryl D. Young, "Bill Introduction in the Nineteenth Century: A Study of Institutional Change," Legislative Studies Quarterly, (1989), 14(1): 67-105.

Edward Corwin, The President: Office and Powers (1957, 4th ed.).

Richard C. Cortner, The Apportionment Cases, (1970).

Paul David and Ralph Eisenberg, Devaluation of the Urban and Suburban Vote, (1961).

Alfred De Grazia, Public and Republic: Political Representation in America, (1951).

Martha Derthick and Paul J. Quirk, The Politics of Deregulation, (1985).

Robert G. Dixon, Democratic Representation, (1968).

Roger Davidson and Walter Oleszek, "Adaptation and Consolidation: Structural Innovation in the U.S. House of Representatives," Legislative Studies Quarterly, (1976), 1(1): 37-65.

Brian M. Downing, The Military Revolution and Political Change, (1992).

Maurice Duverger, Political Parties, (1954).

Charles A. Eagles, Democracy Delayed: the Urban-Rural Conflict in the 1920s, (1990).

Ward E. Y. Elliott, The Rise of Guardian Democracy: the Supreme Court's Role in Voting Rights Disputes, 1845-1969, (1974).

Jon Elster, "When Rationality Fails," in Karen Schweers Cook and Margaret Levi, eds., The Limits of Rationality, (1990), pp. 19-51.

Lee Epstein and Joseph F. Kobylka, The Supreme Court Legal Change, (1992).

Heinz Eulau and Kenneth Prewitt, Labyrinths of Democracy: Adaptations, Linkages, Representation, and Policies in Urban Politics, (1973).

Richard Fenno, Home Style: House Members in Their Districts, (1978).

Morris Fiorina, "Legislative Choice and Regulatory Forms: Legal Process of Administrative Process," Public Choice, (1982), 39: 33-66.

Henry J. Ford, Representative Government, (1924).

Scott D. Gerber and Keeok Park, "The Quixotic Search for Consensus on the U.S. Supreme Court: A Cross-Judicial Empirical Analysis of the Rehnquist Court Justices," American Political Science Review, (1997), 91(2): 390-408.

James L. Gibson, "From Simplicity to Complexity: The Development of Theory in the Study of Judicial Behavior," Political Behavior, (1983), 5: 7-49.

James L. Gibson, "Judges' Role Orientations, Atttitudes, and Decisions: An Interactive Model," American Political Science Review, (1978), 72(3): 911-24.

Gene Graham, One Man, One Vote, (1972).

Robert M. Goldman, "A Free Ballot and a Fair Count": the Department of Justice and the Enforcement of Voting Rights in the South, 1877-1893," (1990).

Judith Goldstein, Ideas, Interests, and American Trade Policy, (1993).

Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane, eds., Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions, and Political Change, (1993).

Jack A. Goldstone, Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World, (1991).

Robert E. Goodin, ed., The Theory of Institutional Design, (1996).

Peter Gourevitch, Politics in Hard Times, (1986).

Raymond Grew, "The Case for Comparing Histories," American Historical Review, (1980), 85: 763-78.

L. Ray Gunn, The Decline of Authority: Public Economic Policy and Political Development in New York State, 1800-1860, (1988).

Andrew Hacker, Congressional Districting, (1963).

Peter A. Hall, Governing the Economy:The Politics of State Intervention in Britain and France, (1986).

John Mark Hansen, Gaining Access: Congress and the Farm Lobby, (1990).

Malcolm E. Jewell, Representation in State Legislatures, (1982).

Malcolm E. Jewell, The Handbook of Legislative Research, (1985).

Bryan D. Jones, Reconceiving Decision-Making in Democratic Politics, (1994).

Charles O. Jones, "A Way of Life and Law, Presidential Address," American Political Science Review, (1995), 89(1): 1-9.

Charles O. Jones, "Representation in Congress: The Case of the House Agricultural Committee," American Political Science Review, (1961), 55(2): 358-67.

Richard Katz, A Theory of Parties and Electoral Systems, (1980).

Peter Katzenstein, ed., Between Power and Plenty, (1978).

Robert O. Keohane, "The Demand for International Regimes," International Organization, (1982), 36(2): 325-55.

V.O. Key, "A Theory of Critical Elections," Journal of Politics, (1955), 17(1): 3-18.

Chong Lim Kim et al., The Legislative Connection: The Politics of Representation in Kenya, Korea and Turkey, (1984).

John W. Kingdom, Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policies, (1984).

Jack Knight, Institutions and Social Conflict, (1992).

Stephen D. Krasner, "Approaches to the State: Alternative Conceptions and Historical Dynamics," Comparative Politics, (1984), 16: 223-46.

Stephen D. Krasner, Defending the National Interest (1978).

Steven D. Krasner, "Structural Causes and Regime Consequences: Regimes as Intervening Variables," International Organization, (1982), 36(2): 185-205.

Stephen D. Krasner, "Sovereignty, An Institutional Perspective," Comparative Political Studies, (1988), 21(2): 66-94.

Charles A. Kromkowski, "Why 435?: A Constitutional Examination of U.S. v. Montana (1990) and the Size of the House of Representatives," University of Virginia, (unpublished, April 9, 1989).

Charles A. Kromkowski, "Wholly Macro!: Moving Beyond Micro-level Models of Judicial Behavior and Discovering the Cross-Institutional Frontier of U.S. Supreme Court Policymaking," paper presented at 1994 Southern Political Science Association Annual Meeting.

Charles A. Kromkowski and John A. Kromkowski, "Why 435?: A Question of Political Arithmetic," Polity, (1991), 24(1): 129-45.

Charles A. Kromkowski and John A. Kromkowski, "Beyond Administrative Apportionment: Discovering the Calculus of Representative Government," Polity, (1992), 25(3): 495-97.

James H. Kuklinski, "Representative-Constituency Linkages: A Review Article," Legislative Studies Quarterly, (1979), 4(1): 121-40.

Margaret Levi, "A Logic of Institutional Change," in Karen Schweers Cook and Margaret Levi, eds., The Limits of Rationality, (1990), pp. 402-18.

Charles E. Lindbloom, The Intelligence of Democracy: Decisionmaking through Mutual Adjustment, (1965).

Arend Lipjhart, "The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws, 1945-85," American Political Science Review, (1990), 84(2): 481-96.

Seymour Lipset and Stein Rokkan, "Cleavage Structures, Party Systems, and Voter Alignments: An Introduction," in Seymour M. Lipset and Stein Rokkan, eds., Party Systems and Voter Alignments, (1967), pp. 1-64.

Niccolo Macchiavelli, The Prince, T. G. Bergin, ed., (1947).

Ian R. Macneil, The New Social Contract: An Inquiry into Modern Contractual Relations, (1980).

Harvey C. Mansfield, "Modern and Medieval Representation," in Representation, Ronald Pennock and John W. Chapman, eds., (1968), pp. 55-82.

James G. March and Johan P. Olsen, "The New Institutionalism: Organizational Factors in Political Life," American Political Science Review, (1984), 78(3): 734-49.

James G. March and Johan P. Olsen, Rediscovering Institutions, (1989).

Thomas Marshall, Public Opinion and the Supreme Court, (1989).

Kenneth C. Martis and Gregory A. Elmes, The Historical Atlas of State Power in Congress, 1790-1990, (1993).

David R. Mayhew, The Electoral Connection, (1974).

David R. Mayhew, Divided We Govern, (1991).

Peter D. McClelland, Causal Explanation and Model Building in History, Economics and the New Economic History, (1975).

Robert A. McGuire, "Constitution Making: A Rational Choice Model of the Federal Convention of 1787," American Journal of Political Science, (1988), 32(2): 483-522.

Robert B. McKay's Reapportionment, (1965).

Albert E. McKinley, The Suffrage Franchise in the Thirteen English Colonies in America, (1905).

Edward McWhinney, Constitution-making: Principles, Process, Practice, (1981).

Elizabeth Nichols, "Skocpol on Revolution: Comparative Analysis vs. Historical Conjunctures," Comparative Social Research, (1986), 9: 163-94.

Richard Niemi, Jeffrey Hill and Bernard Grofman, "The Impact of Multimember Districts on Party Representation in U.S. State Legislatures," Legislative Studies Quarterly, (1985), 10(4): 441-55.

Douglass C. North, Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, (1990).

Elinor Ostrom, Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action, (1990).

Vincent Ostrom, The Political Theory of a Compound Republic, (1987, 2nd ed.).

Glenn R. Parker and Roger H. Davidson, "Why Do Americans Love Their Congressman So Much More Than Their Congress," Legislative Studies Quarterly, (1979), 4(1): 53-61.

Frank R. Parker, Black Votes Count: Political Empowerment in Mississippi after 1965, (1990).

Hanna F. Pitkin, The Concept of Representation, (1967).

Kirk H. Porter, A History of Suffrage in the United States, (1918).

G. Bingham Powell, Contemporary Democracies, (1982).

Adam Przeworski, "Marxism and Rational Choice," Politics & Society, (1985), 14: 379-409.

Douglas Rae, The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws, (1971).

Alfred Z. Reed, The Territorial Basis of Government under the State Constitutions, (1911).

John Phillip Reid, The Concept of Representation in the Age of the American Revolution, (1989).

Representation and Apportionment, Congressional Quarterly Service, (1966).

William Riker, "Implications from the Disequilibrium of Majority Rule for the Study of Institutions," American Political Science Review, (1980), 74(2): 432-46.

Clayton Robert, The Logic of Historical Explanation, (1996).

Mark E. Rush, Does Redistricting Make Difference?: Partisan Representation and Electoral Behavior, (1993).

E.E. Schattschneider, The Semisovereign People, (1960).

Mark Schneider, Paul Teske and Michael Minstrom, Public Entrepreneurs: Agents for Change in American Government, (1995).

Norman Schofield, "Modeling Political Order in Representative Democracies," in Political Order: Nomos XXXVIII, (1996), pp. 86-110.

Jean Reith Schroedel, Congress, the President, and Policymaking, (1994).

Nancy L. Schwartz, The Blue Guitar: Political Representation and Community, (1988).

Brian Seitz, The Trace of Representation, (1995).

Kenneth A. Shepsle, "Institutional Arrangements and Equilibrium in Multidimensional Voting Models," American Journal of Political Science, (1979), 23(1): 27-59.

Kenneth A. Shepsle, "Political Institutions and the New Institutional Economics," Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, (1993), 143: 347-50.

Kenneth A. Shepsle and Barry R. Weingast, "The Institutional Foundations of Committee Power," American Political Science Review, (1987), 81(1): 85-104.

Francois Simiand, "Causal Interpretation and Historical Research," ([1903-1906]) in Frederic Lane, ed., Enterprise and Secular Change, (1953), pp. 469-488.

Herbert A. Simon, Models of Man, (1982), 2 vols.

Herbert A. Simon, "Rationality in Psychology and Economics," Journal of Business, (1986), 59(4-2): S209-S224.

Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolution, (1979).

Theda Skocpol and Kenneth Finegold, "State Capacity and Economic Intervention in the Early New Deal," Political Science Quarterly, (1982), 97(2): 255-78.

Theda Skocpol and Margaret Somers, "The Use of Comparative History in Macrosocial Inquiry," Comparative Studies in Society and History, (1980), 22: 174-97.

Stephen Skowronek, The Politics Presidents Make, (1994).

Stephen Skowronek, Building a New American State, (1982).

Rogers M. Smith, "Political Jurisprudence, The 'New Institutionalism', and the Future of Public Law," American Political Science Review, (1988), 82(1): 89-108.

Harold Spaeth and Jeffrey Segal, The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model, (1993).

Arthur A. Stein, "Coordination and Collaboration: Regimes in an Anarchic World," International Organization, (1982), 36(2): 299-324.

Sven Steinmo, Kathleen Thelan and Frank Longstreth, eds., Structuring Politics, (1992).

James A. Stimson, Public Opinion in America: Moods, Cycles, and Swings, (1994).

Carol Swain, Black Faces, Black Interests: The Representation of African Americans in Congress, (1993).

Orville J. Sweeting, "John Q. Tillson: Reapportionment Act of 1929," Western Political Quarterly, (1956), 9: 434-53.

Rein Taagepera and Matthew Soberg Shugart, Seats and Votes, (1989).

C. Neil Tate, "Personal Attribute Models of Voting Behavior of the U.S. Supreme Court Justices: Liberalism in Civil Liberties and Economic Decisions, 1946-1978," American Political Science Review, (1981), 75(2): 355-67.

Abigail M. Thernstrom, Whose Votes Count?: Affirmative Action in Minority Voting Rights, (1987).

A.C. Thibaudeau, Bonaparte and the Consulate, ([1827], 1908).

George Tsbelis, Nested Games, (1990).

Gordon Tullock, "Why so Much Stability," Public Choice, (1981), 37: 189-202.

Sidney Ulmer, "Social Background as an Indicator to the Votes of Supreme Court Justices in Criminal Cases: 1947-1956," American Journal of Political Science, (1973), 17(3): 622-30.

John R. Vile, Constitutional Change in the United States, (1994).

Eric Voegelin, The New Science of Politics, (1952).

R. Kent Weaver and Bert A. Rockman, eds., Do Institutions Matter?: Government Capabilities in the United States and Abroad, (1993).

R. Kent Weaver, Automatic Government: The Politics of Indexation, (1988).

Margaret Weir, "Ideas and the politics of bounded innovation," in Sven Steinmo et. al., Structuring Politics, (1992), pp. 188-216.

Aaron Wildavsky, The Politics of the Budgetary Process, (1979, 3rd. ed.).

Chilton Williamson, American Suffrage: From Property to Democracy, 1760-1860, (1960).

Aristide R. Zolberg, "Strategic Interactions and the Formation of Modern States: France and England," International Social Science Journal, (1980), 32: 687-716.

U.S. Supreme Court decisions

Wood v. Broom, 287 U.S. 1 (1932).

Moran v. Bowley, 347 Ill. 148 (1932).

Gray v. Sanders, 372 U.S. 368 (1963).

Wesberry v. Sanders, 376 U.S. 1 (1964).

Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U.S. 533 (1964).

Kirkpatrick v. Preisler, 394 U.S. 526 (1969).

Kramer v. Union Free School District No.15, 395 U.S. 621 (1969).

Hadley v. Junior College District of Metropolitan Kansas City, 397 U.S. 50 (1970).

Abate v. Mundt, 403 U.S. 182 (1971).

Mahan v. Howell, 410 U.S. 315 (1973).

Gaffney v. Cummings, 412 U.S. 735 (1973).

White v. Regester, 412 U.S. 755 (1973).

White v. Weiser, 412 U.S. 783 (1973).

Chapman v. Meier, 420 U.S. 1 (1975).

Connor v. Finch, 431 U.S. 407 (1977).

Karcher v. Daggett, 462 U.S. 725 (1983).

Brown v. Thomson, 462 U.S. 835 (1983).

Board of Estimate v. Morris, 109 S.Ct. 1433 (1989).

United States Department of Commerce et al. v. Montana et al., 112 S.Ct. 1415, (1992).

Shaw v. Reno, 509 U.S. 630 (1993).

Miller v. Johnson, 115 S.Ct. 2475 (1995).

Shaw v. Hunt, 116 S.Ct. 1894 (1996)

Bush v. Vera, 116 S.Ct. 1941 (1996)

CHAPTER TWO

A Biographical Dictionary of the Maryland Legislature, 1635-1789, Edward C. Papenfuse et al, eds., (1979), 2 vols.

Anon.,"An Essay upon the Government of the English Plantations on the Continent of America," (1701), in History of the Celebration of the One Hundred Anniversary of the Promulgation of the Constitution of the United States, Carson L. Hampton, ed., (1889), Vol. II.

Anon., "On the Plantation Trade," (1698), in Great Britain and the American Colonies, 1606-1763, Jack P. Greene, ed., (1970).

Anon. "Some Considerations relating to the present Condition of the plantations; with Proposals for a better Regulation of them," in Jack P. Greene, ed., Great Britain and the American Colonies, 1606-1763, (1970).

Alfred O. Aldridge, "Franklin as Demographer," Journal of Economic History, (May 1949), 9(1): 25-44.

Joyce Appleby, "The Social Origins of American Revolutionary Ideology," Journal of American History, (1978), 64: 935-58.

Raymond C. Bailey, Popular Influence upon Public Policy: Petitioning in Eighteenth-Century Virginia, (1979).

Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution, (1967).

Bernard Bailyn, The Origins of American Politics, (1968).

George Bancroft, History of the United States, (1834-1874), Vols. 4-7.

Thomas C. Barrow, "Background to the Grenville Program, 1757-1763," William and Mary Quarterly, (1965), 22(1): 93-104.

Michael C. Batinski, The New Jersey Assembly, 1738-1775: The Making of a Legislative Community, (1987).

Robert A. Becker, Revolution, Reform, and the Politics of American Taxation, (1980).

George L. Beer, The Commercial Policy of England, ([1893], 1948).

George L. Beer, British Colonial Policy, 1754-1765, ([1907], 1930).

Jeremy Belknap, The History of New-Hampshire, ([1791], 1972), 3 vols.

Cortlandt F. Bishop, History of Elections in the American Colonies, (1893).

Patricia U. Bonomi, A Factious People: Politics and Society in Colonial New York, (1971).

T. H. Breen, Tobacco Culture: the Mentality of the Great Tidewater Planters on the Eve of Revolution, (1985).

Carl Bridenbaugh, Cities in Revolt: Urban life in American, 1743-1776, ([1955], 1964).

Louise Fargo Brown, "Ideas of Representation from Elizabeth to Charles II," Journal of Modern History, (1939), 11: 23-40.

Robert E. Brown, "Restriction of Representation in Colonial Massachusetts," Mississippi Valley Historical Review, (1953), 40: 463-76.

Robert E. Brown and B. Katherine Brown, Virginia 1705-1786: Democracy or Aristocracy?, (1964).

J. M. Bumsted, "'Things in the Womb of Time': Ideas of American Independence, 1633 to 1763," William and Mary Quarterly, (1974), 31: 533-64.

Edmund Burke, "Speech on Being Elected for Bristol in 1774," (November 3, 1774), The Speeches of the Right Hon. Edmund Burke, James Burke, ed., (Dublin, 1854).

Melbert B. Cary, The Connecticut Constitution, (1900).

John Cannon, Parliamentary Reform, 1640-1832, (1973).

James H. Cassedy, Demography in Early America: Beginnings of the Statistical Mind, 1600-1800, (1969).

Cato's Letters, "Of Plantations and Colonies," (6th ed., 1755), IV: 3-12.

J.A.C. Chandler, Representation in Virginia, (1896).

John L. Cheney, ed., North Carolina Government, 1585-1974, (1975).

J.C.D. Clark, English Society, 1688-1832: Ideology, Social Structure and Political Practice during the Ancien Regime, (1985).

Mary P. Clarke, Parliamentary Privilege in the American Colonies, (1943).

Trevor Colbourn, The Lamp of Experience: Whig History and the Intellectual Origins of the American Revolution, (1965).

Patrick T. Conley, "Rhode Island Constitutional Development, 1636-1775: A Survey," Rhode Island History, (1968), 27(2-3): 49-63, 74-94.

Patrick T. Conley, Democracy in Decline: Rhode Island's Constitutional Development, 1776-1841, (1977).

Kenneth Coleman, The American Revolution in Georgia, 1763-1789, (1958).

John D. Cushing, ed. The Earliest Acts and Laws of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, 1647-1719, (1977).

John D. Cushing, ed., Massachusetts Province Laws, 1692-1699, (1978).

John D. Cushing, ed., The Laws of the Province of Maryland, (1978).

John D. Cushing, ed., The Earliest Printed Laws of Delaware, 1704-1741, (1978).

Jere R. Daniell, Experiment in Republicanism: New Hampshire Politics and the American Revolution, 1741-1794, (1970).

Charles Davenant, "On the Plantation Trade," in Great Britain and the American Colonies, 1606-1763, Jack P. Greene, ed., (1970).

Alan and Katherine Day, "Another Look at the Boston 'Caucus'," Journal of American Studies, (1971), 5: 19-42.

Oliver M. Dickerson, American Colonial Government, 1696-1765: A Study of the British Board of Trade in its Relation to the American Colonies, Political, Industrial Administrative, (1912).

Robert J. Dinkin, Voting in Provincial America: A Study of Elections in the Thirteen Colonies, 1689-1776, (1977).

Theodore Draper, A Struggle for Power, (1996).

Jeremiah Dummer, "A Defence of the New-England Charters," ([1721]), in Jack P. Greene, ed., Great Britain and the American Colonies, 1606-1763, (1970).

John Dunn, "The Politics of Locke in England and America in the Eighteenth Century," in John W. Yolten, ed., John Locke: Problems and Perspectives, (1969).

Steven M. Dworetz, The Unvarnished Doctrine: Locke, Liberalism, and the American Revolution, (1990).

Earl of Egmont, Manuscripts of the Earl of Egmont, Diary, (1923), 2 vols.

Marc Egnal, A Mighty Empire, (1988).

Marc Egnal, "The Economic Development of the Thirteen Colonies, 1720-1775," William and Mary Quarterly, (1975), 32(2): 191-222.

Marc Egnal and Joseph Ernst, "An Economic Interpretation of the American Revolution," William and Mary Quarterly, (1972), 29(1): 3-32.

Joseph Ernst, Money and Politics in America, 1755-1775, (1973).

George H. Evans, "The Basis of Representation in New Hampshire," Manual of the State of New Hampshire, James F. Colby, ed., (1912).

Emory G. Evans, "Planter Indebtedness and the Coming of the Revolution in Virginia," William and Mary Quarterly, (1962), 19(4): 511-33.

Carl N. Everstine, The General Assembly of Maryland, 1634-1776, (1980).

Aaron Fogelman, "Migrations to the Thirteen British North American Colonies, 1700-1775: New Estimates," Journal of Interdisciplinary History, (1994), 22(4): 691-709.

George E. Frakes, Laboratory for Liberty: The South Carolina Committee System, 1719-1776, (1970).

Benjamin Franklin, Papers of Benjamin Franklin, Barbara B. Oberg, ed., (1959-1996), 32 vols.

Peter Fraser, "Public Petitioning and Parliament before 1832," History, (1961), 46(158): 195-211.

Stanley H. Friedelbaum, "Apportionment Legislation in New Jersey," Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society, (1952), 70(4): 262-77.

Scott D. Gerber, "Whatever Happened to the Declaration of Independence? A Commentary on the Republican Revisionism in the Political Thought of the American Revolution," Polity, (1993), 26(2): 207-23.

Lawrence H. Gipson, The British Empire before the American Revolution, (1936-1970), 15 vols.

D.V. Glass, Numbering the People: the Eighteenth-century Population Controversy and the Development of Census and Vital Statistics in Britain, (1978).

Colin Gordon, "Crafting a Usable Past: Consensus, Ideology, and Historians of the American Revolution," William and Mary Quarterly, (1989), 46(4): 671-95.

Jack P. Greene, Peripheries and Center, (1986).

Jack P. Greene, The Quest for Power: The Lower House of Assembly in the Southern Royal Colonies, 1689-1776, (1963).

Jack P. Greene, "Foundations of Political Power in the Virginia House of Burgesses, 1720-1766," William and Mary Quarterly, (1959), 16(4): 485-506.

Jack P. Greene, "Legislative Turnover in British America, 1696 to 1775: An Analysis," William and Mary Quarterly, (1981), 38(3): 442-63.

Jack P. Greene, "Political Mimesis: A Consideration of the Historical and Cultural Roots of Legislative Behavior in the British Colonies in the Eighteenth Century," American Historical Review, (1969), 75(2): 337-60.

Jack P. Greene, "'A Posture of Hostility': A Reconsideration of Some Aspects of the Origins of the American Revolution," in Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, (1977), 87(1): 27-68.

Jack P. Greene, "The Role of the Lower House of Assembly in Eighteenth-Century Politics, Journal of Southern History, (1961), 27(4): 451-474.

Jack P. Greene, "The Seven Years' War and the American Revolution: the Causal Relationship Reconsidered," Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, (1980), 8(2): 85-105.

Jack P. Greene, ed., The Diary of Landon Carter, (1965), 2 vols.

Jack P. Greene, ed., Great Britain and the American Colonies, 1606-1763, (1970).

Elmer C. Griffith, The Rise and Development of the Gerrymander, ([1907], 1974).

Ronald Hamoway, "Jefferson and the Scottish Enlightenment: A Critique of Garry Wills' Inventing America: Jefferson's Declaration of Independence," William and Mary Quarterly, (1979), 36(4): 503-23.

Carson L. Hampton, ed., History of the Celebration of the One Hundred Anniversary of the Promulgation of the Constitution of the United States, (1889).

Louis Hartz, The Liberal Tradition in America: An Interpretation of American Political Thought Since the Revolution, (1955).

George L. Haskins, The Growth of English Representative Government, (1948).

George H. Haynes, "Representation and Suffrage in Massachusetts, 1625-1691," Johns Hopkins Studies, (1894), 12th ser., VIII-IX.

Derek Hirst, The Representative of the People?, (1975).

Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, Richard Tuck, ed., ([1651], 1991).

David Hume, "On the Independence of Parliament," (1742), in David Hume's Political Essays, Charles W. Hendel, ed., (1953).

James Iredell, Life and Correspondence of James Iredell, G.J. Mcree, ed., (1857-1858), 2 vols.

J. Franklin Jameson, The American Revolution Considered as a Social Movement, (1926).

Marcus W. Jernegan, The American Colonies, (1941).

Richard R. Johnson, "'Parliamentary Egotism': The Clash of Legislatures in the Making of the American Revolution," Journal of American History, (1987), 74: 338-62.

David W. Jordan, Foundations of Representative Government in Maryland, 1632-1715, (1987).

Margaret A. Judson, The Crisis of the Constitution: An Essay in Constitutional and Political Thought in England, 1603-1645, (1949).

Michael G. Kammen, A Rope of Sand: Colonial Agents, British Politics and the American Revolution, (1968).

Michael Kammen, Empire and Interest: The American Colonies and the Politics of Mercantilism, (1970).

Betty Kemp, King and Commons, (1957).

Susan M. Kingsbury, ed., The Records of the Virginia Company of London, (1906).

Henry Knox, Life and Correspondence of Henry Knox, Francis S. Drake, ed., (1873).

Isaac Kramnick, "An Augustan debate: Notes on the History of the Idea of Representation," in Representation, J. Roland Pennock and John W. Chapman, eds., (1968), pp. 83-91.

Isaac Kramnick, Bolingbroke and his Circle, (1968).

Leonard W. Labaree, Royal Government in America, (1930).

Sister Joan de Lourdes Leonard, "Elections in Colonial Pennsylvania," William and Mary Quarterly, (1954), 11(3): 385-401.

C. H. Lincoln, "Representation in the Pennsylvania Assembly Prior to the Revolution," The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, (1899), 23: 23-34.

John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, Peter Laslett, ed., ([1690], 1963).

Lawrence F. London, "The Representation Controversy in Colonial North Carolina," The North Carolina Historical Review, (1934), 11(4): 255-70.

David S. Lovejoy, Rhode Island Politics and the American Revolution, 1760-1776, (1958).

Donald S. Lutz, "The Articles of Confederation as the Background to the Federal Republic," Publius, (1990), 20(1): 55-70.

Pauline Maier, From Resistance to Revolution, (1972).

Jackson Turner Main, "Government by the People: The American Revolution and the Democratization of the Legislatures," William and Mary Quarterly, (1966), 23(3): 391-407.

James Kirby Martin, Men in Rebellion, Higher Governmental Leaders and the Coming of the American Revolution, (1973).

John J. McCusker and Russell R. Menard, The Economy of British America, 1607-1789, (1985).

Charles H. McIlwain, Constitutionalism: Ancient and Modern, (1947).

Albert E. McKinley, The Suffrage Franchise in the Thirteen English Colonies in America, (1905).

Andrew C. McLaughlin, The Foundations of American Constitutionalism, (1932).

Cynthia Miller Leonard, comp., The General Assembly of Virginia--Bicentennial Register, (1978).

Edmund S. Morgan and Helen Morgan, The Stamp Act Crisis: Prologue to Revolution, (1953).

Edmund S. Morgan, "The Puritan Ethic and the Coming of the American Revolution, (1976), William and Mary Quarterly, (1967), 24(1): 3-43.

Edmund S. Morgan, Inventing the People, (1988).

Gary Nash, "The Transformation of Urban Politics, 1700-1765," Journal of American History, (1973), 60: 605-32.

Gary B. Nash, The Urban Crucible: Social Change, Political Consciousness, and the Origins of the American Revolution, (1979).

Allan Nevins, The American States During and After the Revolution, 1775-1789, (1924).

Benjamin H. Newcomb, Political Partisanship in the American Middle Colonies, 1700-1776, (1995).

Alison Gilbert Olson, Making the Empire Work: London and American Interest Groups, 1690-1790, (1992).

Alison G. Olson, "Eighteenth-Century Colonial Legislature and Their Constituents," Journal of American History, (1992), 79: 543-67.

Parliamentary History of England, from the Earliest Period to the Year 1803, (1808-1820), 36 vols.

Stephen E. Patterson, Political Parties in Revolutionary Massachusetts, (1973).

Edwin J. Perkins, The Economy of Colonial America, (1988).

Marie Peters, "The 'Monitor' on the constitution, 1755-1765: new light on the ideological origins of English radicalism," English Historical Review, (1971), 86(341): 706-27.

Hubert Phillips, The Development of a Residential Qualification for Representatives in Colonial Legislatures, (1921).

Hanna Pitken, The Concept of Representation, (1967).

J.H. Plumb, The Origins of Political Stability, England: 1675-1725, (1967).

J.R. Pole, "Historians and the Problem of Early American Democracy," American Historical Review, (1962), 67(3): 626-46.

J.R. Pole, Political Representation in England and the Origins of the American Republic, (1966).

J.R. Pole, The Seventeenth Century: The Sources of Legislative Power, (1969).

Nelson W. Polsby, "Institutionalization of the U.S. House," American Political Science Review, (1968), 62(1): 144-68.

Edward Porritt, The Unreformed House of Commons, ([1903], 1963), 2 vols.

Emberson E. Proper, "Colonial Immigration Laws," Columbia Studies in History, Economics and Public Law, (1900), 12(2).

Thomas L. Purvis, Proprietors, Patronage, and Paper Money: Legislative Politics in New Jersey, 1703-1776, (1986).

Thomas L. Purvis, "The European Ancestry of the United States Population, 1790," William and Mary Quarterly, (1984), 41(1): 85-101.

John C. Rainbolt, "The Alteration in the Relationship between Leadership and Constituents in Virginia, 1660 to 1720," William and Mary Quarterly, (1970), 27(3): 411-34.

John Phillip Reid, The Concept of Representation in the Age of the American Revolution, (1989).

John Phillip Reid, Constitutional History of the American Revolution: The Authority to Legislate, (1991).

Caroline Robbins, Eighteenth Century Commonwealthmen, (1968).

Eric Robson, The American Revolution, ([1955], 1972).

Clinton Rossiter, The Political Thought of the American Revolution, (1963).

Clinton Rossiter, Seedtime of the Republic, (1953).

William Saunders et al., eds., Colonial and State Records of North Carolina, (1886-1914), 26 vols.

William Schaper, Sectionalism and Representation in South Carolina, Annual Report of American Historical Association, (1901), I: 237-463.

Arthur M. Schlesinger, The Colonial Merchants and the American Revolution, (1918).

Robert E. Shalhope, "Republicanism and Early American Historiography," William and Mary Quarterly, (1982), 39(2): 334-56.

R.C. Simmons and P.D.G. Thomas, eds., Proceedings and Debates of the British Parliaments Respecting North America, 1754-1783, (1982-1987), 6 vols.

Jack M. Sosin, Agents and Merchants, (1965).

Vernon F. Snow, "Parliamentary Reapportionment Proposals in the Puritan Revolution," The English Historical Review, (1959), 74(292): 409-42.

Charles E. Strangeland, "Pre-Malthusian Doctrines of Population: A Study in the History of Economic Theory," Columbia Studies in History, Economics and Public Law, (1904), 21: 5-356.

Charles Summer, Prophetic Voices Concerning America, (1874).

Edwin P. Tanner, "Colonial Agencies in England During the Eighteenth Century," Political Science Quarterly, (1901), 16: 24-49.

George Otto Trevelyan, The American Revolution, (1898-1907), 4 vols.

Josiah Tucker, The Collected Works of Josiah Tucker, (1993), 6 vols.

Alan Tully, Forming American Politics, (1994).

Alan Tully, "Constituent-Representative Relationships in Early America: The Case of Pre-Revolutionary Pennsylvania," Canadian Journal of History, (1976), 11: 139-54.

Virginia Gazette, "Extract of a private letter from Beverly," (February 13, 1752).

Gary M. Walton and James F. Shepherd, The Economic Rise of Early America, (1979).

Michael Walzer, The Revolution of the Saints, (1965).

Harry M. Ward, "Unite or Die": Intercolony Relations, 1690-1763, (1971).

G.B. Warden, "The Caucus and Democracy in Colonial Boston," New England Quarterly, (1970), 43: 19-45.

Robert V. Wells, The Population of the British Colonies in America before 1776, (1975).

Robert V. Wells, "Population and the American Revolution," in The American Revolution, William M. Fowler, Jr. and Wallace Coyle, eds., (1981).

Robert Webking, The American Revolution and the Politics of Liberty, (1988)

Edward Wigglesworth, Calculations on American Population, with A Table for estimating the annual Increase of Inhabitants in the British Colonies, (Boston, Jan. 25, 1775).

Chilton Williamson, American Suffrage: From Property to Democracy,, 1760-1860, (1960).

Garry Wills, Inventing America: Jefferson's Declaration of Independence, (1978).

Gordon S. Wood, Creation of the American Republic, (1969).

Gordon S. Wood, "Rhetoric and Reality in the American Revolution," William and Mary Quarterly, (1966), 23(1): 3-32.

David Wootton, ed., Divine Right and Democracy, (1986).

David Wootton, "From Rebellion to Revolution: the Crisis of the Winter of 1642/3 and the origins of civil war radicalism," English Historical Review, (1990), 55(416): 654-69.

Blair Worden, The Rump Parliament, 1648-1653, (1974).

John Joachim Zubly, An Humble Enquiry into the Nature of the Dependency of the American Colonies upon the Parliament of Great Britain, (1769).

CHAPTER THREE

John Adams, Diary and Biography of John Adams, L. H. Butterfield, ed. (1961-1962)), 4 vols.

John Adams, "Novanglus," ([Boston, 1774]) in Works of John Adams, Charles F. Adams, ed., Vol. 4.

Samuel Adams, Writings of Samuel Adams, Harry A. Cushing, ed., (1904-1908), 4 vols.

Thomas R. Adams, ed., American Independence: The Growth of an Idea. A Bibliographic Study of the American Political Pamphlets Printed between 1764 and 1776 Dealing with the Dispute between Great Britain and her Colonies, (1965).

Randolph Adams, Political Ideas of the American Revolution, (1939).

Jeffrey C. Alexander, et al., eds., The Micro-Macro Link, (1987).

David Ammerman, In Common Cause: American Response to the Coercive Acts of 1774 (1974).

"Amor Patriae" [Thomas Crowley], A Plan of Union by Admitting Representatives from the American colonies and from Ireland into the British Parliament, (1770).

Anon., A Plan for Conciliating the Jarring Political Interests of Great Britain and her North American Colonies, and for promoting a general Re-union throughout the Whole British Empire, (London, 1775).

Anon., Reflexions on Representation in Parliament, (London, 1766).

Margaret Archer, "Structuration versus Morphogenesis," Macro-Sociological Theory: Perspectives on Sociological Theory, S, N, Eisenstadt and H.J. Helle, eds., (1985), pp. 58-88.

Margaret Archer, Realist Social Theory: The Morphogenetic Approach, (1995).

Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution, (1967).

Thomas C. Barrow, "A Project for Imperial Reform: 'Hints Respecting the Settlement for our American Provinces,' 1763," William Mary Quarterly, (1967), 24(1): 108-26.

George L. Beer, British Colonial Policy, 1754-1765, ([1907], 1933).

Jeffrey Berijikian, "Revolutionary Collective Action and the Agent-Structure Problem," American Political Science Review, (1992), 86(3): 647-57.

Julian P. Boyd, Anglo-American Union: Joseph Galloway's Plans to Preserve the British Empire, 1774-1788, (1941).

Robert E. Brown, Middle-Class Democracy and the Revolution in Massachusetts, (1954).

Carl Bridenbaugh, Mitre and Sceptre: Transatlantic Faiths, Ideas, Personalities, and Politics, 1689-1775, (1962).

J.M. Bumsted, "'Things in the Womb of Time': Ideas of American Independence, 1633 to 1763," William and Mary Quarterly, (1974), 31: 533-64.

Edmund Burke, The Writing and Speeches of Edmund Burke, Paul Langford, ed., (1981), Vol. 2.

Andrew Burnaby, Travels Through the Middle Settlements in North America in the Years 1759 and 1760, ([1798], 1970).

Robert M. Calhoon, "William Smith Jr's Alternative to the American Revolution," William and Mary Quarterly, (1965), 22(1): 104-18.

Walter Carlsnaes, "The Agency-Structure Problem in Foreign Policy Analysis," International Studies Quarterly, (1992), 36(3): 245-70.

Cato's Letters, "Of Plantations and Colonies," (London, 6th ed., 1755). IV: 3-12.

E.C. Channing and A.C. Coolidge, eds., Barrington-Bernard Correspondence, (1912).

Edward S. Corwin, "The Progress of Constitutional Theory Between the Declaration of Independence and the Meeting of the Philadelphia Convention," American Historical Review, (1925), 30(3): 511-36.

Verner W. Crane, ed., Benjamin Franklin's Letters to the Press, 1758-1775, (1950).

David Dessler, "What at Stake in the Agency-Structure Debate?," International Organization, (1989), 43: 441-73.

O.M. Dickerson, The Navigation Acts and the American Revolution, (1951).

Bernard Donoughue, British Politics and the American Revolution: The Path to War, 1773-1775 (1964).

Theodore Draper, A Struggle for Power: The American Revolution, (1996).

Steven M. Dworetz, The Unvarnished Doctrine, (1990).

Marc Egnal, A Mighty Empire: The Origins of the American Revolution, (1988).

Heinz Eulau, Micro-Macro Political Analysis, (1969).

John Fortescue, ed., Correspondence of George III, (1967), Vol. III.

Benjamin Franklin, Papers of Benjamin Franklin, Barbara B. Oberg et al., eds., (1959-1996), 32 vols.

Benjamin Franklin's Letters to the Press, 1758-1775, Verner W. Crane, ed., (1950).

Thomas Gallant, "Agency, Structure, and Explanation in Social History: The Case of the Founding Home on Kephallenia, Greece, during the 1830s," Social Science History, (1991), 15: 479-508.

Anthony Giddens, The Constitution of Society: Outline of a Theory of Structuration, (1984).

Lawrence H. Gipson, The British Empire Before the American Revolution, (1958-1970), 15 vols.

Jack P. Greene, Peripheries and Center, (1986).

Jack P. Greene, Quest for Power, (1963).

Jack P. Greene, "The Plunge of Lemmings: A Consideration of Recent Writings on British Politics and the American Revolution," South Atlantic Quarterly, (1968), 67: 141-75.

Jack P. Greene, "The Seven Years' War and the American Revolution: The Causal Relationship Reconsidered," Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, (1980), 8(2): 85-105.

Jack P. Greene, ed. Great Britain and the American Colonies, (1970).

George H. Guttridge, ed., The Correspondence of Edmund Burke, (1961), Vol. III.

James Harrington, Oceana, J.G.A. Pocock, ed., ([1656], 1992).

Samuel Clay Harvey, Public Ledger, (London, Jan. 1775).

Hugh Heclo, "Ideas, Interests, and Institutions," in The Dynamics of American Politics, Lawrence C. Dodd and Calvin Jillson, eds., (1994), pp. 366-92.

Fred J. Hinkhouse, The Preliminaries of the American Revolution as Seen in the English Press, 1763-1775, (1926).

James Iredell, Life and Correspondence of James Iredell, G.J. Mcree, ed., (1857-1858), 2 vols.

J. Franklin Jameson, The American Revolution Considered as a Social Movement, (1926).

Thomas Jefferson, A Summary View of the Rights of British-America, (Williamsburg, 1774).

Thomas Jefferson, The Portable Thomas Jefferson, Merrill D. Peterson, ed. (1975).

William Keith, "A Short Discourse on the Present State of the Colonies in American, with Respect to the Interest of Great Britain," (1728), Great Britain and the American Colonies, 1606-1763, Jack P. Greene, ed., (1970).

Bernhard Knollenberg, Origins of the American Revolution, 1759-1766, (1960).

William Knox, The Controversy Between Great Britain and her Colonies Reviewed, (London, 1769).

Benjamin W. Labaree, "The Idea of American Independence: The British View, 1774-1776," Massachusetts History Society Proceedings, (1970), 82: 3-20.

Leonard W. Labaree, Royal Government in America, (1930).

Edward Littleton, "The Groans of the Plantations," (1689), Great Britain and the American Colonies, 1606-1763, Jack P. Greene, ed., (1970).

Francis Maseres, Considerations on the Expediency of Admitting Representatives from the American Colonies to the British House of Commons, (London, 1770).

George Mason, Papers of George Mason, Robert A. Rutland, ed. (1970), 3 vols.

Jonathan Mayhew, Discourse Concerning Unlimited Submission and Non-Resistance to the Higher Powers, (1750).

John C. Miller, The Origins of the American Revolution, (1943).

Edmund Morgan, ed., "The Declaratory Act, March 18, 1766," Prologue to Revolution, (1959).

Edmund S. Morgan and Helen M. Morgan, The Stamp Act Crisis: Prologue to Revolution, (1953).

Samuel E. Morison, ed., Sources & Documents illustrating the American Revolution, (1965).

Richard B. Morris, ed., The American Revolution, 1763-1783, (1970).

Charles F. Mullett, "English Imperial Thinking, 1764-1783," Political Science Quarterly, (1930), 45(4): 548-79.

Lewis Namier, The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III, (1957).

Anne Norton, Alternative Americas: A Reading of Antebellum Political Culture, (1986).

Alison G. Olson, Making the Empire Work (1992).

Alison G. Olson and Richard M. Brown, eds., Anglo-American Political Relations, 1675-1775, (1970).

James Otis, The Rights of the Colonies Asserted and Proved, (Boston, 1764).

Parliamentary History of England, (1803-1820), 36 vols.

Samuel W. Patterson, The Spirit of the American Revolution, (1915).

Thomas Pownall, The Administration of the Colonies, wherein their Rights and Constitutions are Discussed and Stated, 3rd. ed. (London, 1766)

Emberson E. Proper, "Colonial Immigration Laws," Columbia Studies in History, Economics and Public Law, (1900), 12(2).

John Phillip Reid, The Concept of Representation in the Age of the American Revolution, (1989).

John Phillip Reid, Constitutional History of the American Revolution: The Authority of Law, (1993).

William Riker, "Heresthetic and Rhetoric in the Spatial Model," Advances in the Spatial Theory of Voting, James M. Enelow and Melvin J. Hinich, eds., (1990), pp. 46-65.

Eric Robson, The American Revolution In its Political and Military Aspects, 1763-1783, (1955).

Arthur Schlesinger, The Colonial Merchants and the American Revolution, 1763-1776, (1957).

Herbert A. Simon, "Human Nature in Politics: The Dialogue of Psychology with Political Science," American Political Science Review, (1985), 79(2): 293-304.

Herbert A. Simon, "Rationality in Psychology and Economics," Journal of Business, (1986), 59(4-2): S209-S224.

R.C. Simmons and P.D.G. Thomas, eds, Proceedings and Debates of the British Parliaments Respecting North America, 1754-1783, (1982-1987), 6 vols.

Stephen Skowronek, The Politics Presidents Make, (1994).

Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, (London, 1776).

Letters of Delegates to Congress, 1774-1789, Paul H. Smith, ed., (1976-1996), 24 vols.

Charles Sumner, Prophetic Voices Concerning America, (1874).

Josiah Tucker, The Collected Works of Josiah Tucker, (1993), 6 vols.

Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, "Rational Choice and the Framing of Decisions," Journal of Business, (1986), 59(4-78): 250-78.

Virginia Gazette, February 9, 1769.

George Washington, The Writings of George Washington, Jared Sparks, ed. (1837), 12 vols.

William V. Wells, The Life and Public Services of Samuel Adams, (1969), Vol. I.

Alexander E. Wendt, "The Agent-Structure Problem in International Relations Theory," International Organization, (1987), 41: 335-70.

Edward Wigglesworth, Calculations on American Population, with A Table for estimating the annual Increase of Inhabitants in the British Colonies, (Boston, Jan. 25, 1775).

James Wilson, The Works of James Wilson, Robert G. McCloskey, ed., (1967), Vol. II.

James Wilson, Considerations on the Nature and Extent of the Legislative Authority of the British Parliament, (Philadelphia, 1774).

Gordon S. Wood, "Rhetoric and Reality in the American Revolution," William and Mary Quarterly, (1966), 23(1): 3-32.

Gordon S. Wood, "Conspiracy and the Paranoid Style: Causality and Deceit in the Eighteenth Century," William and Mary Quarterly, (1982), 39(3): 401-441.

Gordon S. Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, (1969).

CHAPTER FOUR

John Adams, Diary and Biography of John Adams, L.H. Butterfield, ed., (1961-1962), 4 vols.

John Adams, Works of John Adams, Charles F. Adams, ed., (1850-1856), 10 vols.

Paul Adams, "Republicanism in Political Rhetoric Before 1776," Political Science Quarterly, (1970), 85: 397-421.

Willi P. Adams, The First American Constitutions, (1979).

Kenneth Arrow, Social Choice and Individual Value, (1951).

Robert A. Becker, Revolution, Reform, and the Politics of Taxation, 1763-1783, (1980).

Samuel Bemis, The Diplomacy of the American Revolution, (1957).

Boston Gazette and Country Journal, April 22, 1776.

C.J. Bullock, "The Origin, Purpose and Effect of the Direct-Tax Clause of the Federal Constitution," Political Science Quarterly, (1900) 15(2): 217-39, 15(3): 452-81.

Edmund C. Burnett, The Continental Congress, (1941).

William Archer Cocke, The Constitutional History of the United States, (1858).

Ian R. Christie and Benjamin W. Labaree, Empire or Independence, (1976).

Joseph L. Davis, Sectionalism in American Politics, 1774-1787, (1977).

Jonathan R. Dull, A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution, (1985).

George M. Dutcher, "The Rise of Republican Government in the United States," Political Science Quarterly, (1940), 55: 199-216.

James Ferguson, The Power of the Purse: A History of American Public Finance, 1776-1790, (1961).

George D. Harmon, "The Proposed Amendments to the Articles of Confederation," South Atlantic Quarterly, (1925), 24: 298-315.

Louis Hartz, The Liberal Tradition in America, (1955).

Douglas D. Heckathorn and Steven M. Maser, "Bargaining and Constitutional Contracts," American Journal of Political Science, (1987), 31(1): 142-68.

H. James Henderson, Party Politics in the Continental Congress, (1974).

Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, Richard Tuck, ed., (1991).

Robert W. Hoffert, A Politics of Tensions the Articles of Confederation and American Political Ideas, (1992).

Thomas Jefferson, Works of Thomas Jefferson, Paul L. Ford, ed., (1904-1905), 12 vols.

Thomas Jefferson, Papers of Thomas Jefferson, John Catanzariti et al., eds., (1950-1990), 24 vols.

Merrill Jensen, The Articles of Confederation, (1940).

Merrill Jensen, ed., American Colonial Documents to 1776, (1955), Vol. IX.

Merrill Jensen, The New Nation, (1950).

Journals of the Continental Congress, Worthington Chauncey Ford, ed., (1904-1937), 34 vols.

Letters of Delegates to Congress, 1774-1789, Paul H, Smith, ed., (1976-1996), 24 vols.

Letters of Members of the Continental Congress, Edmund C. Burnett, ed., (1921-1936), 8 vols.

Leonard W. Levy, "Introduction: American Constitutional History," in The Framing and Ratification of the Constitution, Leonard W. Levy and Dennis J. Mahoney, eds., (1987).

Richard D. McKelvey, "Intransitivities in Multidimensional Voting Models and Some Implications for Agenda Control," Journal of Economic Theory, (1976), 12: 472-82.

Andrew C. McLaughlin, A Constitutional History of the United States, (1935).

Samuel E. Morison ed., Sources & Documents illustrating the American Revolution, (1965).

Lynn Montross, The Reluctant Rebels, the Story of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789, (1950).

Richard B. Morris, The Forging of Union, 1781-1789, (1987).

Allan Nevins, The American States During and After the Revolution, 1775-1789, (1924).

Peter Onuf, The Origins of the Federal Republic, (1983).

Thomas Paine, Common Sense, Michael Foot and Isaac Kramnick. eds., ([1776], 1982).

Stephen E. Patterson, Political Parties in Revolutionary Massachusettes, (1973).

Pennsylvania Evening Post, March 5, 1776.

Charles R. Plott, "A Notion of Equilibrium and Its Possibility Under Majority Rule," American Economic Review, (1967), 57: 787-806.

Robert D. Putnam, "Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two Level Games," International Organization, (1988), 42: 427-60.

Jack N. Rakove, The Beginnings of National Politics, (1979).

Clinton Rossiter, Seedtime of the Republic: The Origins of the American Tradition of Political Liberty, (1953).

Fritz W. Scharpf, "Coordination in Hierarchies and Networks," Fritz W. Scharpf, ed., Games in Hierarchies and Networks, (1993), ppp. 125-65.

Norman J. Schofield, "Instability of Simple Dynamic Games, Review of Economic Studies, (1978), 45: 575-94.

James Brown Scott, The United States of America: a Study in International Organization, (1920).

Ezra Stiles, Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, (1901), 3 vols.

Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States, (1858, 3rd ed.).

William F. Swindler, ed. Sources and Documents of the U.S. Constitutions, (1982).

Gordon S. Wood, Creation of the American Republic, (1969).

CHAPTER FIVE

A Century of Population Growth, (1909).

Thomas P. Abernethy, Western Lands and the American Revolution, (1959).

John Adams, Works of John Adams, Charles F. Adams, ed., (1850-1856), 10 vols.

Willi Paul Adams, The First American Constitutions, (1979).

De Alva Standwood Alexander, A Political History of the State of New York, (1906).

C.H. Ambler, Sectionalism in Virginia from 1776 to 1861, (1910).

Leon Anderson, To this Day: the 300 of the New Hampshire Legislature, (1981).

Joyce Appleby, Liberalism and Republicanism in the Historical Imagination, (1992).

George Bancroft, History of the Formation of the Constitution, (1882), 2 vols.

Lance Banning, "James Madison and the Nationalists," William & Mary Quarterly, (1983), 40(2): 227-55.

Charles Beard, An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States, (1913).

Harold M. Beer, "An Early Plan for the Development of the West," American Historical Review, (1925), 30(3): 537-43.

Robert F. Berkhofer, "Jefferson, the Ordinance of 1784, and the Origins of the American Territorial System," William & Mary Quarterly, (1972), 29(2): 231-62.

Gordon C. Bjork, "The Weaning of the American Economy: Independence, Market Changes, and Economic Development," Journal of Economic History, (1964), 24: 541-60.

Gordon C. Bjork, Stagnation and Growth in the American Economy, 1784-1792, (1985).

Marc Bloch, "Toward a Comparative History of European Societies," ([1928]), J.C. Riemersma, trans., Enterprise and Secular Change, Frederic Lane, ed., (1953), pp. 494-521.

Robert H. Brown, Redeeming the Republic: Federalists, Taxation, and the Origins of the Constitution, (1993).

Edmund C. Burnett, The Continental Congress, (1941).

Allen D. Candler, ed., The Revolutionary Records of the State of Georgia, (1908).

Lester J. Cappon, Atlas of Early American History, (1976).

Julian C. Chandler, Representation in Virginia, (1896).

John L. Cheney, ed., North Carolina Government, (1975).

Patrick Conley, Democracy in Decline: Rhode Island's Constitutional Development, 1776-1841, (1977)

Edward S. Corwin, "The Progress of Constitutional Theory between the Declaration of Independence and the Meeting of the Philadelphia Convention," American Historical Review, (1925), 30(3): 511-36.

Philip A. Crowl, Maryland During and After the Revolution, (1943).

Joseph L. Davis, Sectionalism in American Politics, 1774-1787, (1977).

Robert J. Dinkin, Voting in Revolutionary America, (1982).

Stanley M. Elkins and Eric McKitrick, "The Founding Fathers: Young Men of the Revolution," Political Science Quarterly, (1961), 76: 181-216.

Max Farrand, The Legislation of Congress for the Government of the Organized Territories of the United States, (1896).

Robert A. Feer, "Shays's Rebellion and the Constitution: A Study in Causation," New England Quarterly, (1969), 42(3): 388-410.

E. James Ferguson, The Power of the Purse: A History of American Public Finance, 1776-1790, (1961).

E. James Ferguson, "The Nationalists of 1781-83 and the Economic Interpretation of the Constitution," Journal of American History," (1969), 56(2): 241-61.

Dall Forsythe, Taxation and Political Change in the Young Nation, 1781-1833, (1977).

Rudolph Freund, "Military Bounty Lands and the Origins of the Public Domain," Agricultural History, (1946), 20: 8-18.

Stanley H. Friedlebaum, "Apportionment Legislation in New Jersey," Proceedings of the New Jersey History Society, (1952), 70(4): 262-77.

Alexander Hamilton, Papers of Alexander Hamilton, Harold C. Syrett et al., eds., (1961-1987), 27 vols.

Alexander Hamilton, Works of Alexander Hamilton, John C. Hamilton, ed., (1851), 7 vols.

Oscar Handlin and Mary F. Handlin, Commonwealth: A Study of the Role of Government in the American Economy: Massachusetts, 1774-1861, (1969).

Louis Hartz, The Liberal Tradition in America: An Interpretation of American Political Thought Since the Revolution, (1955).

H. James Henderson, Party Politics in the Continental Congress, (1974).

Ronald Hoffman et al., The Economy of Early America: The Revolutionary Period, 1763-1790, (1988).

Charles S. Hyneman and Donald S. Lutz, eds., American Political Writing during the Founding Era, 1760-1805, (1983).

Thomas Jefferson, The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Paul L. Ford, ed., (1904), 12 vols.

Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Jefferson Writings, Merrill D. Peterson, ed., (1984).

Thomas Jefferson, The Papers of Jefferson, John Catanzariti et al., eds., (1950-1990), 24 vols.

Merrill Jensen, The New Nation: A History of the United States During the Confederation, 1781-1789, (1950).

Merrill Jensen, "The Creation of the National Domain, 1781-84," Mississippi Valley Historical Review, (1939).

Calvin C. Jillson and Rick K. Wilson, "A Social Change Model of Politics: Insights into the Demise of the U.S. Continental Congress," Legislative Studies Quarterly, (1987), 12(1)" 5-32.

Journals of the Continental Congress, Worthington C. Ford et al. eds., (1904-1937), 34 vols.

John P. Kaminski and Gaspare J. Saladino ed., "Introduction," The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution.

Cecelia M. Kenyon, "Men of Little Faith: The Anti-Federalists on the Nature of Representative Government," William and Mary Quarterly, (1955), 12: 3-43.

Isaac Kramnick, "The 'Great National Discussion': The Discourse of Politics in 1787," William and Mary Quarterly, (1988), 45(1): 3-32.

Everett S. Lee and Michael Lalli, "Population," The Growth of the Seaport Cities, 1790-1825, David T. Gilchrist, ed., (1967), pp. 25-37.

Cynthia Leonard, comp., The General Assembly of Virginia, (1976).

Letters of Delegates to Congress, Paul H. Smith, ed., (1976-1996), 24 vols.

Letters of Members of the Continental Congress, Edmund C. Burnett, ed., (1921-1936), 8 vols.

David S. Lovejoy, Rhode Island Politics and the American Revolution, (1958).

Donald S. Lutz, Popular Consent and Popular Control: Whig Political Theory in the Early State Constitutions, (1980).

James Madison, Papers of James Madison, William T. Hutchinson, et al., eds., (1962-1991), 17 vols.

Jackson Turner Main, "Government by the People: The American Revolution and the Democratization of the Legislatures," William and Mary Quarterly, (1966), 23(3): 391-407.

Frederick W. Marks, Independence on Trial: Foreign Affairs and the Making of the Constitution, (1973).

Drew R. McCoy, The Elusive Republic: Political Economy in Jeffersonian America, (1980).

John J. McCusker and Russell R. Menard, The Economy of British America, 1607-1789, (1985).

Forrest McDonald, Novus Ordo Seclorum, (1985).

Forrest McDonald, E Pluribus Unum, (1965).

Andrew C. McLaughlin, The Confederation and the Constitution, (1905).

Lynn Montross, The Reluctant Rebels, (1950).

William C. Morey, "The First State Constitutions," Annals of the American Academy of Political Science, (September 1893), pp. 1-32.

Richard B. Morris, The Forging of the Union, (1987).

Richard B. Morris, "The Confederation Period and the American Historian," William and Mary Quarterly, (1956), 13(2): 139-56.

Curtis P. Nettls, The Emergence of a National Economy, 1775-1815, (1962).

Allan Nevins, The American States During and After the Revolution, (1924).

Douglass C. North, The Economic Growth of the United States, 1790-1860, (1966).

Douglass C. North, Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, (1990).

Peter S. Onuf, The Origins of the Federal Republic: Jurisdictional Controversies in the United States, 1775-1787, (1983).

Peter S. Onuf, "Liberty, Development, Union: Visions of the West in 1780s," William & Mary Quarterly, (1986), 43(2): 179-213.

Peter S. Onuf, "Reflections on the Founding: Constitutional Historiography in Bicentennial Perspective," WMQ, (1989), 46(2): 341-75.

James Otis, Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved, (1764).

James Otis, Considerations on Behalf of the Colonies, (1765).

Edward C. Papenfuse, et al., eds., A Biographical Dictionary of the Maryland Legislature, 1635-1789, (1979).

Stephen E. Patterson, Political Parties in Revolutionary Massachusetts, (1973).

J.R. Pole, Political Representation in England and the Origins of the American Republic, (1966).

Irwin H. Polishook, Rhode Island and the Union, (1969).

J. Potter, "The Growth of Population in America, 1700-1860," in Population in History, D.V. Glass and D.E.C. Eversley, eds., (1965), pp. 631-79.

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Richard J. Purcell, Connecticut in Transition: 1775-1818, ([1918], 1963).

Jack N. Rakove, The Beginnings of National Politics (1979).

Fritz K. Ringer, "Causal Analysis in Historical Reasoning," History and Theory, (1989), 28: 154-72.

John P. Roche, "The Founding Fathers: A Reform Caucus in Action," American Political Science Review, (1961), 55(4): 799-816.

Alan Shank, New Jersey Reapportionment Politics, (1969).

William A. Schaper, Sectionalism and Representation in South Carolina, Annual Report of American Historical Association, (1901), I: 237-463.

James F. Shephard, "British America and the Atlantic Economy," in The Economy of Early America: The Revolutionary Period, 1763-1790, (1988), Ronald Hoffman et al, eds., pp. 3-44.

J. Allen Smith, The Spirit of American Government: A Study of the Constitution, Its Origin, Influence, and Relation to Democracy, (1907).

Jack M. Sosin, The Revolutionary Frontier, (1967).

Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States, (1833).

George Rogers Taylor, "Comment," The Growth of the Seaport Cities, 1790-1825, (1967), pp. 38-46.

Jacob Tanger, Pennsylvania Government, State and Local, (1933).

Lynn Turner, The Ninth State: New Hampshire's Formative Years, (1983).

Richard Francis Upton, Revolutionary New Hampshire: An Account of the Social and Political Forces Underlying the Transition from Royal Province to American Commonwealth, (1936).

George Washington, Writings of George Washington, Jared Sparks, ed., (1837), 12 vols.

Pelatiah Webster, "Essay on the Extent and Value of Our Western Unlocated Lands," April 25, 1782, Political Essays on the Nature and Operation of Money, Public Finances, and Other Subjects (1791).

William C. Webster, "Comparative Study of the State Constitutions of the American Revolution," Annals of the American Academy of Political Science, (1897), 9: 64-104.

James Wilson, Considerations on the Nature and Extent of the Legislative Authority of the British Parliament, (1774).

Rick K. Wilson and Calvin Jillson, Congressional Dynamics: Structure, Coordination, and Choice in the First American Congress, 1774-1789, (1994).

Gordon S. Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 1776-1787, (1969).

Rosemarie Zagarri, The Politics of Size, (1987).

CHAPTER 6

George Bancroft, History of the Formation of the Constitution, (1882), 2 vols.

A.J. Beitzinger, A History of American Political Thought, (1972).

Edmund C. Burnett, The Continental Congress, (1941).

Youssef Cohen, Radicals, Reformers and Reactionaries, (1994).

William W. Crosskey and William Jeffrey, Politics and the Constitution in the History of the United States, (1980), Vol. III.

John L. Davis, Sectionalism in American Politics, 1774-1787, (1977).

Louise B. Dunbar, A Study of "Monarchical" Tendencies in the United States from 1776 to 1801, (1922).

Jack E. Eblen, The First and Second United States Empires, (1968).

Max Farrand, ed., Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, (1911).

Alexander Hamilton, Papers of Alexander Hamilton, Harold C. Syrett, ed., (1961-1979), 26 vols.

H. James Henderson, Party Politics in the Continental Congress, (1974).

John Jay, Correspondence and Public Papers of John Jay, Henry P. Johnston, ed., 4 vols., (1890-1893).

Thomas Jefferson, Papers of Thomas Jefferson, John Catanzariti et al., eds., (1950-1990), 24 vols.

Thomas Jefferson, The Portable Thomas Jefferson, Merrill D. Peterson, ed., (1975).

Thomas Jefferson, Writings of Thomas Jefferson, P.L. Ford, ed., (1892-1899), 10 vols.

Merrill Jensen, The New Nation, (1950).

Journals of the Continental Congress, Worthington C. Ford et al., eds., (1904-1937), 34 vols.

John P. Kaminski and Gaspare J. Saladino, "Introduction," The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution, (1981), 13: 3-43.

Rufus King, Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, Charles R. King, ed., (1894-1900), 6 vols.

Henry Knox, Life and Correspondence of Henry Knox, Francis S. Drake, ed. (1873).

Letters of Members of the Continental Congress, Edmund C. Burnett, ed., (1921-1936), 8 vols.

"Letters to Stephen Higginson," American Historical Report (1896).

Margaret Levi, Of Rule and Revenue, (1988).

Staughton Lynd, "The Compromise of 1787," Political Science Quarterly, (1966), 71: 225-50.

Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince, George Bull, trans., (1961).

James Madison, Papers of James Madison, William T. Hutchinson et al., eds., (1962-1991), 17 vols.

James Madison, Writings of James Madison, Gaillard Hunt, ed., (1900-1910), 9 vols.

Magazine of American History, (1883).

Cathy D. Matson and Peter S. Onuf, A Union of Interests: Politic and Economic Thought in Revolutionary America, (1990).

Marvin Meyers, The Mind of the Founder: Sources of the Political Thought of James Madison, (1961).

James Monroe, The Writings of James Monroe, Stanislaus Murray Hamilton, ed., (1898-1903), 7 vols.

Richard Morris, Forging of the Union, (1987).

Curtis P. Nettels, The Emergence of a National Economy, 1775-1815, Vol. II: The Economic History of the United States, (1962).

J. Potter, "The Growth of Population in America, 1700-1860," in D.V. Glass and D.E.C. Eversley, eds., Population in History, (1965), pp. 631-79.

Jack N. Rakove, Beginnings of National Politics, (1979).

Mark Schneider and Paul Teske with Michael Minstrom, Public Entrepreneurs: Agents for Change in American Government, (1995).

Charles P. Smith, James Wilson, (1956).

Viktor J. Vanberg and James M. Buchanan, "Constitutional Choice, Rational Ignorance, and the Limits of Reason," in The Constitution of Good Societies, Karol E. Soltan and Stephen L. Elkin, eds., (1996), pp. 39-56.

Charles Warren, The Making of the Constitution, (1937).

George Washington, The Writings of George Washington, Jared Sparks ed., (1837), 12 vols.

CHAPTER 7

Thorton Anderson, Creating the Constitution: The Convention of 1787 and the First Congress, (1993).

George Bancroft, History of the Formation of the Constitution, (1882).

Richard B. Bernstein, Are We To Be A Nation?, (1987).

C.J. Bullock, "The Origin, Purpose and Effect of the Direct Tax Clause of the Federal Constitution," Political Science Quarterly, (1900), 15: 217-39.

Jonathan Elliot, ed., The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution, (1941).

Max Farrand, The Framing of the Constitution of the United States, (1913).

Max Farrand ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, (1911).

Paul Finkelman, "Slavery and the Constitutional Convention: Making a Convenant with Death," Beyond Confederation: Origins of the Constitution and American National Identity, Richard Beeman et al., eds., (1987).

Michael A. Gillespie and Michael Lienesch, eds., Ratifying the Constitution, (1989).

James H. Hutson, "Introduction," Supplement to Max Farrand's The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, (1987).

Calvin Jillson, Constitution Making: Conflict and Consensus in the Federal Convention of 1787, (1987).

Adrienne Koch, "Introduction," Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 by James Madison, (1966).

Isaac Krammick, "The 'Great National Discussion': The Discourse of Politics in 1788," William and Mary Quarterly, (1988), 45(1): 3-32.

Staughton Lynd, "The Compromise of 1787," Political Science Quarterly, (1966), 81: 225-50.

James Madison, Papers of James Madison, Robert A. Rutland et al., eds., (1975).

James Madison, Writings of James Madison, Gaillard Hunt, ed., (1900-1910), 9 vols.

Michael J. Malbin, "Congress during the Convention and Ratification," in Framing and Ratification of the Constitution, Leonard W. Levy and Dennis J. Mahoney, eds., (1987), pp. 185-208.

Forrest McDonald, Novus Ordo Seclorum, (1985).

Marvin Meyers, The Mind of the Founder: Sources of the Political Thought of James Madison, (1981).

Robert Morgan, James Madison and the Bill of Rights, (1990).

Richard B. Morris, Witness at the Creation, (1985).

Howard A. Ohline, "Republicanism and Slavery," William and Mary Quarterly, (1971), 28(4): 563-84.

Jack N. Rakove, The Beginnings of National Politics, (1979).

Jack N. Rakove, Original Meanings: Politics and Ideas in the Making of the Constitution, (1996).

Ronald L. Robinson, Slavery in the Structure of American Politics, (1971).

John P. Roche, "The Founding Fathers: A Reform Caucus in Action," American Political Science Review, (1961), 55(4): 799-816.

Clinton Rossiter, 1787: The Grand Convention, (1966).

Clinton Rossiter, ed., Federalist Papers, (1961).

Shlomo Slonin, "The Electoral College at Philadelphia: The Evolution of an Ad Hoc Congress for the Selection of a President," Journal of American History," (1986), 73: 35-58.

Herbert Storing, The Complete Anti-Federalist, (1981).

S. Sidney Ulmer, "Subgroup Formation in the Constitutional Convention," Midwest Journal of Political Science, (1966), 10(3): 288-303.

Robert Utley ed., Principles of the Constitutional Order: The Ratification Debates, (1989).

Charles Warren, The Making of the Constitution, (1937).

Christopher Wolfe, "On Understanding the Constitutional Convention, Journal of Politics, (1977), 39(1): 97-118.

CHAPTER 8

Thomas P. Abertheny, The South in the New Nation, 1789-1819, (1961).

James T. Adams, "Disenfranchisement of Negroes in New England," American Historical Review, (1925), 30(3): 543-47.

John Adams, Memoirs of John Quincy Adams, Charles Francis Adams, ed., (1874-1877), 21 vols.

Willi Paul Adams, "Republicanism," in Jack P. Greene, ed., Encyclopedia of American Political History, (1984), III: 1131-46.

John H. Aldrich, Why Parties: The Origin and Transformation of Party Politics in America, (1995).

De Alva S. Alexander, History and Procedure of the House of Representatives, (1916).

Thomas B. Alexander, Sectional Stress and Party Strength, (1967).

Herman V. Ames, The Proposed Amendments to the Constitution of the United States During the First Century of Its History, (1897).

Harriet E. Amos, Cotton City: Urban Development in Antebellum Mobile (1985).

Leon W. Anderson, To this day: the 300 of the New Hampshire Legislature, (1981).

Margo Anderson, The American Census, (1988).

Peter H. Argersinger, Structure, Process and Party: Essays in American Political History, (1992).

Emmett Asseff, Legislative Apportionment in Louisiana, (1950).

Jean H. Baker, Affairs of Party: The Political Culture of Northern Democrats in the Mid-Nineteenth Century, (1983).

Jean H. Baker, Ambivalent Americans: The Know-Nothing Party in Maryland, (1977).

James C. Ballagh, ed., Southern Economic History, (1909).

Lance Banning, The Jeffersonian Persuasion, (1978).

William Barney, The Road to Secession, (1972).

John S. Barry, The History of Massachusetts, (1857, 4th ed.).

Fred Bateman and Thomas Weiss, "Manufacturing in the Antebellum South," in Research in Economic History, Paul Uselding, ed., (1976), 1: 1-41.

Eugene S. Bayer, "The Apportionment Section of the Fourteenth Amendment: A Neglected Weapon for Defense of the Voting Rights of Southern Negroes," Western Reserve Law Review, 16: 965-94.

Rudolph Bell, Party and Faction in American Politics: The House of Representatives, 1789-1801, (1973).

Michael Les Benedict, A Compromise of Principle, (1974).

Lee Benson, The Concept of Jacksonian Democracy, (1961).

Thomas Hart Benton, Thirty Years' View, or A History of the Working of the American Government for Thirty Years, from 1820 to 1850, (1856).

Bradley G. Bond, Political Culture in the Nineteenth Century South: Mississippi, 1830-1900, (1995).

Gregg Bounds et al., Beyond Total Quality Management: Toward the Emerging Paradigm, (1994).

Douglas E. Bowers, "From Logrolling to Corruption: The Development of Lobbying in Pennsylvania, 1815-1861," Journal of the Early Republic, (1983), 3(4): 439-74.

John W. Burgess, Reconstruction and the Constitution, (1902).

Samuel C. Busey, Immigration: Its Evils and Consequences, ([1856], 1969).

Stuart Bruchey, The Roots of American Economic Growth, 1607-1861, (1968).

John C. Calhoun, Report and Public Letters of John C. Calhoun, Richard K. Cralle, ed., (1855).

G. S. Callender, "The Early Transportation and Banking Enterprises of the States in Relation to the Growth of Corporations," Quarterly Journal of Economics, (1903), 17: 139-46.

George S. Camp, Democracy, (1841).

Jesse Carpenter, The South as a Conscious Minority, ([1930], 1963).

Daniel B. Carroll, The Unicameral Legislature of Vermont, (1933).

Albert Castel and Scott L. Gibson, The Yeas and the Nays: Key Congressional Decisions, 1774-1945, (1974).

Andrew R. L. Cayton, "'Separate Interests' and the Nation State: The Washington Administration and the Origins of Regionalism in the Trans-Appalachian West," Journal of American History, (1992), 79(1): 39-67.

Julian A. C. Chandler, Representation in Virginia, (1896).

Joseph Charles, The Origins of the American Party System, (1956).

Thomas Cochran, Frontiers of Change: Early Industrialism in America, (1981).

Peter J. Coleman, The Transformation of Rhode Island, 1790-1860, (1969).

Patrick Conley, Democracy in Decline: Rhode Island's Constitutional Development, 1776-1841, (1977).

Constitutional Revision Study Documents of the Constitutional Convention Commission of Maryland, (1968).

Joseph Cooper and Cheryl D. Young, "Bill Introduction in the Nineteenth Century: A Study of Institutional Change," Legislative Studies Quarterly, (1989), 14(1): 67-105.

Janet Cornelius, Constitution Making in Illinois, 1818-1970, (1972).

Edward S. Corwin, "The Extension of Judicial Review in New York, 1783-1905," Michigan Law Review, (1917), 15(4): 281-313.

Joan W. Coward, Kentucky in the New Republic: The Process of Constitution Making, (1979).

Avery O. Craven, The Growth of Southern Nationalism, 1848-1861, (1953).

Charles Crowe, "Civil War: Meanings and Explanations," in Jack P. Greene, Encyclopedia of American Political History, (1984), pp. 251-72.

Noble E. Cunningham, "The Jeffersonian Republican Party," in History of U.S. Political Parties, Arthur M. Schlesinger, ed., (1973), pp. 239-72.

Joseph L. Davis, Sectionalism in American Politics, 1774-1787, (1977).

Rodney O. Davis, "'The People in Miniature': The Illinois General Assembly, 1818-1848," Illinois Historical Journal, (1988), 81: 95-108.

Donald A. DeBats, "An Uncertain Arena: The Georgia House of Representatives, 1808-1861," Journal of Southern History, (1990), 56(3): 423-56.

Donald A. DeBats, Elites and Masses: Political Structure, Communication, and Behavior in Ante-Bellum Georgia, (1990).

J.D.B. DeBow, ed., Statistical View of the United States, (1854).

W.E. Deming, The New Economics for Industry, Government, Education, (1993).

Robert J. Dinkin, Campaigning in America, (1989).

Robert G. Dixon, Democratic Representation, (1968).

Dwight L. Dumond, The Secessionist Movement, 1860-1861, (1931).

Dwight Lowell Dumond, ed., Southern Editorials on Secession, (1964).

Richard Ellis and Stephen Kirk, "Presidential Mandates in the Nineteenth Century: Conceptual Change and Institutional Development," Studies in American Political Development, (1995), 9: 117-86.

Herbert Ershkowitz and William G. Shade, "Consensus or Conflict? Political Behavior in the State Legislatures during the Jacksonian Era," Journal of American History, (1971), 58(3): 591-621.

Don Fehrenbacher, Sectional Crisis and Southern Constitutionalism, (1995).

Oliver P. Field, "Unconstitutional Legislation in Indiana," Indiana Law Journal, (1941), 17(2): 101-127.

Oliver P. Field, "Unconstitutional Legislation in Minnesota," American Political Science Review, (1941), 35(5): 898-915.

Morris P. Fiorina, David W. Rohde, and Peter Wissel, "Historical Change in House Turnover," in Congress in Change, Norman J, Ornstein, ed., (1975), pp. 24-57.

J. Francis Fisher, The Degradation of Our Representative System, (1863).

Eric Foner, "The Causes of the American Civil War: Recent Interpretations and New Directions," Civil War History, (1974), 20(3): 197-214.

Ronald P. Formisano, "Deferential-Participant Politics: The Early Republic's Political Culture, 1789-1840," American Political Science Review, (1974), 68(2): 473-87.

Ronald P. Formisano, The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s-1840s, (1983).

Lacy K. Ford, "Inventing the Concurrent Majority: Madison, Calhoun, and the Problem of Majoritarianism in American Political Thought," Journal of Southern History, (1994), 60(1): 19-58.

John Hope Franklin, Reconstruction: After the Civil War, (1961).

John Hope Franklin, The Militant South, (1956).

Stanley H. Friedlebaum, "Apportionment Legislation in New Jersey," Proceedings of the New Jersey History Society, (1952), 70(4): 262-77.

George Galloway, History of the House of Representatives, (1961).

William Gienapp, "'Politics Seem to Enter into Everything': Political Culture in the North, 1840-1860," in Essays on Antebellum Politics, 1840-1860, (1982), pp. 15-69.

David R. Goldfield, Urban Growth in the Age of Sectionalism, 1847-1861, (1977).

Carter Goodrich, "National Planning of Internal Improvements," Political Science Quarterly, (1948), 63(1): 16-44.

Alfred de Grazia, Public and Republic: Political Representation in America, (1951).

Fletcher M. Green, Constitutional Development in the South Atlantic States, 1760-1860, ([1930], 1971).

Elmer C. Griffith The Rise and Development of the Gerrymander, ([1907], 1974).

L. Ray Gunn, The Decline of Public Authority: Public Economic Policy and Political Development in New York, 1800-1860, (1988).

L. Ray Gunn, "The New York Legislature," Social Science History, (1980), 4(3): 267-94.

Alexander Hamilton, The Papers of Hamilton, Harold C. Syrett, ed., (1961-1987), 27 vols.

Holman Hamilton, Prologue to Conflict: The Crisis and Compromise of 1850, (1964).

Joseph P. Harris, Registration of Voters in the United States, (1929).

Louis Hartz, Economic Policy and Democratic Thought: Pennsylvania, 1776-1860, (1948).

Emory Q. Hawk, The Economic History of the South, (1934).

Hinton R. Helper, The Impending Crisis of the South, (1857).

James A. Henretta, "The War for Independence and American Economic Development," The Economy of Early America, Ronald Hoffman et al., eds., (1988), pp. 45-87.

Martin B. Hickman, "Judicial Review of Legislation in Utah," Utah Law Review, (1954), 4(1): 50-64.

Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1957, (1960).

Edgar A. Holt, "Party Politics in Ohio, 1840-1850," Ohio Archaeological and Historical Publication, (1929), 38: 319-53.

Michael F. Holt, Political Parties and American Political Development, (1992).

Perry H. Howard, Political Tendencies in Louisiana, (1971).

Daniel Wait Howe, The Political History of Secession, (1914).

Joseph B. James, The Framing of the Fourteenth Amendment, (1956).

Robert W. Johannsen, ed., The Lincoln-Douglas Debates, (1965).

Dennis R. Judd, The Politics of American Cities, 3rd. ed., (1988).

Paul Kantor with Stephen David, The Dependent City, (1988).

A.E. Nash Keir, "A More Equitable Past? Southern Supreme Courts and the Protection of the Antebellum Negro," North Carolina Law Review, (1970), 48: 197-242.

Benjamin B. Kendrick, ed., The Journal of the Joint Committee of Fifteen on Reconstruction (1914).

Philip S. Klein, Pennsylvania Politics, 1817-1832: A Game Without Rules, (1940).

Marc W. Kruman, Parties and Politics in North Carolina, 1836-1865, (1983).

Peter D. Levine, The Behavior of State Legislative Parties in the Jacksonian Era: New Jersey, 1829-1844, (1977).

Abraham Lincoln, "First Inaugural Address," (March 4, 1861), in A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, James D. Richardson, ed., (1897).

Leslie Lipson, The American Governor from Figurehead to Leader, (1939).

Robert Luce, Legislative Assemblies, (1924).

Robert Luce, Legislative Principles, (1930).

Malcolm C. Macmillan, Constitutional Development in Alabama, 1798-1901, (1955).

Stephen E. Maizlish, "The Meaning of Nativism and the Crisis of the Union: The Know-Nothing Movement in the Antebellum North," in Essays on American Antebellum Politics, 1840-1860, (1982), pp. 166-98.

Kenneth C. Martis, The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, 1789-1983, (1982).

Cathy Matson, "The Revolution, the Constitution and the New Nation," The Cambridge Economic History of the United States, Stanley L. Engerman and Robert E. Gallman, eds., (1996), I: 363-401.

John McCardell, The Idea of a Southern Nation, (1979).

Sr. M. Barbara McCarthy, The Widening Scope of American Constitutions, (1928, Ph.D. diss., Catholic University of America).

Richard P. McCormick, The Presidential Game, (1982).

Richard P. McCormick, The Second American Party System: Party Formation in the Jacksonian Era, (1966).

Charles McCurdy, "Stephen J. Field and Public Land Law Development in California, 1850-1860: A Case Study of Judicial Resource Allocation in Nineteenth-Century America," Law & Society Review, (1976), 10: 235-66.

Charles W. McKenzie, Party Government in the United States, (1938).

D.W. Meinig, The Shaping of America: Continental America, 1800-1867, (1993).

Samuel Eliot Morison and Henry Steel Commager, The Growth of the American Republic, (1962).

Richard B. Morris, ed., Encyclopedia of American History, (1961).

Sidney G. Morse, "The Representation Issue in Vermont a Century Ago," Vermont Quarterly, (1953), 21(2): 83-100.

Margaret V. Nelson, A Study of Judicial Review in Virginia, 1789-1928, (1947).

William Nelson, "Changing Conception of Judicial Review: The Evolution of Constitutional Theory in the States, 1790-1860," 120 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 1166, (1972).

Allan Nevins, The Emergence of Lincoln, (1950).

Roy F. Nichols, Blueprints for Leviathan: American Style (1963).

Roy F. Nichols, The Disruption of American Democracy, (1948).

Roy F. Nichols and Eugene H. Berwanger, The Stakes of Power, (1982).

Niles' National Register, (1811-1848), 76 vols.

Douglass C. North, The Economic Growth of the United States, 1790-1860, (1966).

Emil Olbrich, The Development of Sentiment on Negro Suffrage to 1860, (1912).

Thomas M. Owen, History of Alabama, (1921).

George P. Parkinson, Antebellum State Constitution-making: Retention, Circumvention, Revision, (1972, Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin).

Stanley B. Parson, William W. Beach and Dan Hermannn, United States Congressional Districts, 1789-1841, (1978).

Stanley B. Parson, William W. Beach and Michael Dubin, United States Congressional Districts and Data, 1843-1883, (1986).

H.C. Perkins, ed., Northern Editorials on Secession, (1942).

Edward Pessen, "How Different from each Other Were the Antebellum North and South?," American Historical Review, (1980), 85(5): 1119-49.

Edward A. Pollard, The Lost Cause, (1866).

Nelson W. Polsby, "The Institutionalization of the U.S. House of Representatives," American Political Science Review, (1968), 62(1): 144-68.

David M. Potter, The Impending Crisis, 1848-1861, (1976).

David M. Potter, The South and the Sectional Conflict, (1968).

David M. Potter, Lincoln and his Party in the Secession Crisis, ([1942], 1970).

Ulrich B. Phillips, The Course of the South to Secession (1958).

Richard J. Purcell, Connecticut in Transition: 1775-1818, ([1918], 1963).

Stuart A. Rice, Quantitative Methods in Political Science, ([1928], 1969).

William H. Riker, "The Senate and American Federalism," American Political Science Review, (1955), 69(2): 452-69.

Andrew W. Robertson, The Language of Democracy: Political Rhetoric in the United States and Britain, 1790-1900, (1995).

Edwin R. Rozwenc, ed., The Causes of the American Civil War, (1972).

Robert R. Russel, Critical Studies in Antebellum Sectionalism, (1972).

William A. Schaper, Sectionalism and Representation in South Carolina, Annual Report of American Historical Association, (1901), I: 237-463.

Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. ed., The Almanac of American History, (1983).

John Scott, (pseud., "Barbarossa"), The Lost Principle, (1860).

Martin Shefter, Political Parties and the State, (1994).

Kenneth Shepsle, "Institutional Equilibrium and Equilibrium Institutions," in Political Science: The Science of Politics, Herbert F. Weisberg, ed., (1986), pp. 51-81.

Johanna Nichols Shields, "Whigs in the 'Bear Garden': Representation and the Apportionment Act of 1842," Journal of the Early Republic, (1985), 5(3): 355-82.

James Schouler, "Evolution of the American Voter," American Historical Review, (1897), 2(4): 665-74.

Jay Sigler, "The Rise and Fall of the Three Fifths Clause," Mid-America, (1966), 48(4): 271-77.

Joel H. Silbey, The American Political Nation, 1838-1893, (1991).

Joel H. Silbey, "John C. Calhoun and the Limits of Southern Congressional Unity, 1841-1850," The Historian, (1967), 30(1): 58-71.

Joel H. Silbey, "The Civil War Synthesis in American Political History," Civil War History, (1964), 10: 130-40.

Joel H. Silbey, The Shrine of Party: Congressional Voting Behavior, 1841-1852, (1967).

Albert F. Simpson, "The Political Significance of Slave Representation, 1787-1821," Journal of Southern History, (1941), 7: 315-42.

George P. Smith, "Republican Reconstruction and Section Two of the Fourteenth Amendment," Western Political Quarterly, (1970), 13(4): 829-53.

Charles M. Snyder, The Jacksonian Heritage: Pennsylvania Politics, 1833-1848, (1958).

Kenneth M. Stampp, The Era of Reconstruction, (1965).

Elizabeth C. Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Maltida J. Gage, eds., History of the Woman Suffrage, (1881).

Statistics of the United States in 1860, (1866).

Jeffrey M. Stonecash, "The State Politics Literature: Moving Beyond Covariation Studies and Pursuing Politics," Polity, (1996), 28(4): 559-79.

Charles Sumner, "The Barbarism of Slavery," Charles Sumner, His Complete Works, (1969).

Swisher, American Constitutional Development, 2nd ed., (1954).

Charles S. Sydnor, The Development of Southern Sectionalism, 1819-1848 (1948).

George Rogers Taylor, The Transportation Revolution, 1815-60, (1951).

Susan M. Thompson, "The Spider Web": Congress and Lobbying in the Age of Grant, (1985).

Francis N. Thorpe, A Constitutional History of the American People, (1898), 2 vols.

J. Mills Thornton, Politics and Power in a Slave Society: Alabama, 1800-1860, (1978).

Paul B. Trescott, "The United States Government and National Income, 1790-1860," Trends in the American Economy in the Nineteenth Century, (1960), pp. 337-61.

George Tsebelis, Nested Games: Rational Choice in Comparative Politics, (1990).

George Tucker, Progress of the United States in Population and Wealth, (1843).

Lynn W. Turner, The Ninth State: New Hampshire's Formative Years, (1983).

United States Magazine and Democratic Review.

William T. Utter, "Judicial Review in Early Ohio," Mississippi Valley Historical Review, (1927), 14(1): 3-24.

William T. Utter, The Frontier State, 1803-1825, (1942).

Joseph O. van Hook, The Kentucky Story, (1970).

Elizabeth R. Varon, "Tippecanoe and the Ladies, Too: White Women and Party Politics in Antebellum Virginia," Journal of America History, (1995), 82: 492-521.

Eric H. Walther, The Fire-Eaters (1992).

David Ward, Cities and Immigrants, (1971).

Ethel K. Ware, A Constitutional History of Georgia, (1947).

Herbert Wender, Southern Commercial Conventions, 1837-1859, (1930).

Leonard D. White, The Jacksonians: A Study in Administrative History, 1829-1861, (1954).

Robert Wiebe, The Opening of American Society, (1984).

Chilton Williamson, American Suffrage: From Property to Democracy, 1760-1860, (1960).

Kenneth J. Winkle, "Ohio's Informal Polling Place: Nineteenth-Century Suffrage in Theory and Practice," in The Pursuit of Public Power: Political Culture in Ohio, 1787-1861, (1994).

Ralph A. Wooster, The People in Power: Courthouse and Statehouse in the Lower South, 1850-1860, (1969).

Ralph A. Wooster, Politicians, Planters and Plain Folk: Courthouse and Statehouse in the Upper South, 1850-1860, (1975).

James Sterling Young, The Washington Community, (1966).

CHAPTER 9

Herman V. Ames, The Proposed Amendments to the Constitution of the United States During the First Century of Its History, (1897).

Atlantic Monthly, (January 1861).

William Barney, The Road to Secession, (1972).

J.G. Barrett, The Civil War in North Carolina, (1963).

Eugene S. Bayer, "The Apportionment Section of the Fourteenth Amendment: A Neglected Weapon for Defense of the Voting Rights of Southern Negroes," Western Reserve Law Review, 16: 965-94.

Michael Les Benedict, A Compromise of Principle, (1974).

Gabor S. Borritt, "Abraham Lincoln and the Question of Individual Responsibility," in Why the Civil War Came, Borritt, ed., (1996), pp. 3-30.

John W. Burgess, Reconstruction and the Constitution, (1902).

W.R. Brock, An American Crisis: Congress and Reconstruction, 1865-1867, (1963).

William C. Bryant, Power for Sanity: Selected Editorials of William Cullen Bryant, (1994).

Jesse Carpenter, The South as a Conscious Minority, ([1930], 1963).

Avery O. Craven, The Growth of Southern Nationalism, 1848-1861, (1953).

Daniel W. Crofts, Reluctant Rebels, (1989).

Joseph L. Davis, Sectionalism in American Politics, 1774-1787, (1977).

Dwight L. Dumond, The Secessionist Movement, 1860-1861, (1931).

Dwight L. Dumond, ed., Southern Editorials on Secession, (1964).

Horace Flack, The Adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment, ([1908], 1965).

Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877, (1988).

William W. Freehling, "The Divided South, Democracy's Limitations, and the Causes of the Peculiarly North American Civil War," in Why the Civil War Came, Gabor S. Borritt, ed., (1996), pp. 12-75.

Hinton R. Helper, The Impending Crisis of the South, (1857).

Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, Richard Tuck ed., (1991).

Michael F. Holt, Political Parties and American Political Development, (1992).

Daniel Wait Howe, The Political History of Secession, (1914).

Joseph B. James, The Framing of the Fourteenth Amendment, (1956).

Benjamin B. Kendrick, ed., The Journal of the Joint Committee of Fifteen on Reconstruction (1914).

Abraham Lincoln, "First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1861," A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, James D. Richardson, ed., (1897), 6: 5-12.

Earl M. Maltz, Civil Rights, the Constitution, and Congress, 1863-1869, (1990).

John McCardell, The Idea of a Southern Nation: Southern Nationalists and Southern Nationalis